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• Ссылка на комментарий 07.11.2017 16:53 отправлено Jamesgek

  A boiler is a closed vessel in which drinking water or other liquid is heated. The fluid will not always boil. (In THE UNITED STATES, the word "furnace" is generally used if the reason is not to boil the liquid.) The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various procedures or heating applications,[1 - [2 - including water heating, central heating system, boiler-based power era, food preparation, and sanitation.
  
  Materials
  The pressure vessel of the boiler is usually manufactured from steel (or alloy steel), or of wrought iron historically. Stainless steel, especially of the austenitic types, is not found in wetted parts of boilers thanks to stress and corrosion corrosion breaking.[3 - However, ferritic stainless steel is often used in superheater sections that won't come in contact with boiling drinking water, and electrically heated stainless shell boilers are allowed under the Western european "Pressure Equipment Directive" for production of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.[4 -
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler
  In live steam models, copper or brass is often used since it is more fabricated in smaller size boilers easily. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (especially for steam locomotives), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in more recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as metal) are used instead.
  
  For a lot of the Victorian "age of steam", the only material used for boilermaking was the highest grade of wrought iron, with set up by rivetting. This iron was extracted from specialist ironworks, such as at Cleator Moor (UK), mentioned for the high quality of their rolled plate and its own suitability for high-reliability use in critical applications, such as high-pressure boilers. In the 20th century, design practice instead moved towards the utilization of metal, which is stronger and cheaper, with welded structure, which is quicker and requires less labour. It ought to be mentioned, however, that wrought iron boilers corrode considerably slower than their modern-day steel counterparts, and are less susceptible to localized pitting and stress-corrosion. This makes the durability of old wrought-iron boilers far superior to those of welded metal boilers.
  
  Cast iron might be utilized for the heating system vessel of home drinking water heaters. Although such heaters are usually termed "boilers" in some countries, their purpose is to create hot water usually, not steam, and so they run at low pressure and try to avoid boiling. The brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for high-pressure vapor boilers.
  Boiler Repairs Fulham, SW6, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service http://boiler-repairs-FULHAM.CO.UK - Show more!
  Energy
  The foundation of heating for a boiler is combustion of any of several fuels, such as wood, coal, oil, or gas. Electric steam boilers use resistance- or immersion-type heating elements. Nuclear fission is used as a heat source for generating steam also, either directly (BWR) or, in most cases, in specialised high temperature exchangers called "steam generators" (PWR). Heat recovery vapor generators (HRSGs) use heat rejected from other processes such as gas turbine.
  
  Boiler efficiency
  there are two methods to measure the boiler efficiency 1) direct method 2) indirect method
  
  Direct method -immediate approach to boiler efficiency test is more usable or even more common
  
  boiler efficiency =Q*((Hg-Hf)/q)*(GCV *100 ) Q =Total vapor movement Hg= Enthalpy of saturated steam in k cal/kg Hf =Enthalpy of feed drinking water in kcal/kg q= level of fuel use in kg/hr GCV =gross calorific value in kcal/kg like pet coke (8200 kcal/KG)
  
  indirect method -to measure the boiler efficiency in indirect method, we need a subsequent parameter like
  
  Ultimate analysis of gas (H2,S2,S,C moisture constraint, ash constraint)
  percentage of O2 or CO2 at flue gas
  flue gas temperature at outlet
  ambient temperature in deg c and humidity of air in kg/kg
  GCV of gas in kcal/kg
  ash percentage in combustible fuel
  GCV of ash in kcal/kg
  Configurations
  Boilers can be classified in to the following configurations:
  
  Pot boiler or Haycock boiler/Haystack boiler: a primitive "kettle" where a fireplace heats a partially filled drinking water container from below. 18th century Haycock boilers generally produced and stored large volumes of very low-pressure steam, often hardly above that of the atmosphere. These could burn off wood or frequently, coal. Efficiency was suprisingly low.
  Flued boiler with one or two large flues-an early forerunner or kind of fire-tube boiler.
  
  Diagram of the fire-tube boiler
  Fire-tube boiler: Here, drinking water partially fills a boiler barrel with a small volume left above to accommodate the vapor (steam space). This is the kind of boiler used in almost all steam locomotives. Heat source is inside a furnace or firebox that has to be held completely surrounded by water in order to keep up the temp of the heating system surface below the boiling point. The furnace can be situated at one end of the fire-tube which lengthens the path of the hot gases, thus augmenting the heating system surface which may be further increased by making the gases invert direction through another parallel tube or a lot of money of multiple tubes (two-pass or return flue boiler); alternatively the gases may be studied along the sides and then beneath the boiler through flues (3-move boiler). In case there is a locomotive-type boiler, a boiler barrel extends from the firebox and the hot gases pass through a lot of money of fire tubes inside the barrel which greatly escalates the heating system surface in comparison to a single pipe and further boosts heat transfer. Fire-tube boilers have a comparatively low rate of steam creation usually, but high steam storage capacity. Fire-tube boilers burn solid fuels mostly, but are readily adaptable to people of the gas or water variety.
  
  Diagram of the water-tube boiler.
  Water-tube boiler: In this type, tubes filled up with water are arranged inside a furnace in a number of possible configurations. The water tubes connect large drums Often, the lower ones containing water and top of the ones water and steam; in other instances, like a mono-tube boiler, drinking water is circulated by a pump through a succession of coils. This type generally gives high vapor creation rates, but less storage space capacity than the above. Water pipe boilers can be made to exploit any heat source and are generally preferred in high-pressure applications because the high-pressure drinking water/vapor is included within small size pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall structure.
  Flash boiler: A flash boiler is a specialized kind of water-tube boiler in which pipes are close together and drinking water is pumped through them. A flash boiler differs from the kind of mono-tube vapor generator where the tube is permanently filled up with water. In a flash boiler, the pipe is kept so hot that the water give food to is quickly flashed into vapor and superheated. Flash boilers experienced some use in cars in the 19th century and this use continued into the early 20th century. .
  
  1950s design steam locomotive boiler, from a Victorian Railways J class
  Fire-tube boiler with Water-tube firebox. Sometimes the two above types have been combined in the next manner: the firebox includes an set up of water pipes, called thermic siphons. The gases then go through a conventional firetube boiler. Water-tube fireboxes were installed in many Hungarian locomotives,[citation needed - but have met with little success in other countries.
  Sectional boiler. Within a ensemble iron sectional boiler, sometimes called a "pork chop boiler" the water is included inside solid iron areas.[citation needed - These areas are assembled on site to produce the finished boiler.
  Safety
  See also: Boiler explosion
  To define and secure boilers safely, some professional specialized organizations such as the American Culture of Mechanical Technical engineers (ASME) develop specifications and regulation codes. For example, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is a standard providing an array of guidelines and directives to ensure compliance of the boilers and other pressure vessels with security, design and security standards.[5 -
  
  Historically, boilers were a way to obtain many serious injuries and property destruction as a consequence to poorly understood engineering principles. Thin and brittle steel shells can rupture, while welded or riveted seams could open up badly, resulting in a violent eruption of the pressurized steam. When drinking water is changed into steam it expands to over 1,000 times its original travels and volume down steam pipes at over 100 kilometres per hour. As a result of this, vapor is a great way of moving energy and high temperature around a niche site from a central boiler house to where it is needed, but with no right boiler give food to water treatment, a steam-raising herb are affected from size corrosion and formation. At best, this raises energy costs and can lead to poor quality steam, reduced efficiency, shorter vegetation and unreliable procedure. At worst, it can lead to catastrophic reduction and failure of life. Collapsed or dislodged boiler tubes can also squirt scalding-hot vapor and smoke from the air intake and firing chute, injuring the firemen who fill the coal into the open fire chamber. Extremely large boilers providing a huge selection of horsepower to operate factories could demolish entire buildings.[6 -
  
  A boiler that has a loss of give food to drinking water and is permitted to boil dry out can be extremely dangerous. If give food to drinking water is sent into the bare boiler then, the small cascade of incoming drinking water instantly boils on connection with the superheated metallic shell and leads to a violent explosion that cannot be managed even by safety steam valves. Draining of the boiler can also happen if a leak occurs in the steam source lines that is bigger than the make-up drinking water source could replace. The Hartford Loop was invented in 1919 by the Hartford Steam Boiler and Insurance Company as a method to help prevent this condition from happening, and therefore reduce their insurance promises.[7 - [8 -
  
  Superheated steam boiler
  
  A superheated boiler on a steam locomotive.
  Main article: Superheater
  Most boilers produce vapor to be used at saturation temp; that is, saturated vapor. Superheated vapor boilers vaporize water and then further heat the steam in a superheater. This provides vapor at higher temperatures, but can reduce the overall thermal efficiency of the steam generating seed because the bigger steam temp takes a higher flue gas exhaust temperature.[citation needed - There are several ways to circumvent this issue, by giving an economizer that heats the feed water typically, a combustion air heater in the hot flue gas exhaust route, or both. There are benefits to superheated vapor that may, and often will, increase overall efficiency of both vapor generation and its utilization: benefits in input heat to a turbine should outweigh any cost in additional boiler problem and expense. There could be useful restrictions in using damp vapor also, as entrained condensation droplets will damage turbine blades.
  
  Superheated steam presents unique safety concerns because, if any system component fails and allows steam to flee, the temperature and pressure can cause serious, instantaneous injury to anyone in its path. Since the escaping steam will be completely superheated vapor, detection can be difficult, although the intense heat and sound from such a leak clearly indicates its presence.
  
  Superheater procedure is similar to that of the coils on an air conditioning unit, although for a different purpose. The steam piping is directed through the flue gas path in the boiler furnace. The heat range in this field is between 1 typically,300 and 1,600 °C (2,372 and 2,912 °F). Some superheaters are radiant type; that is, they absorb temperature by radiation. Others are convection type, absorbing temperature from a liquid. Some are a mixture of both types. Through either method, the extreme heat in the flue gas path will heat the superheater steam piping and the steam within also. While the temperature of the vapor in the superheater goes up, the pressure of the vapor does not and the pressure remains the same as that of the boiler.[9 - Virtually all steam superheater system designs remove droplets entrained in the steam to prevent harm to the turbine blading and associated piping.
  
  Supercritical steam generator
  
  Boiler for a power plant.
  Main article: Supercritical steam generator
  Supercritical steam generators are generally used for the production of electric power. They operate at supercritical pressure. In contrast to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical vapor generator operates at such a higher pressure (over 3,200 psi or 22 MPa) that the physical turbulence that characterizes boiling ceases that occurs; the fluid is neither liquid nor gas but a super-critical liquid. There is absolutely no era of steam bubbles within the water, because the pressure is above the critical pressure point of which steam bubbles can develop. As the liquid expands through the turbine stages, its thermodynamic state drops below the critical point as it does work turning the turbine which changes the power generator from which power is ultimately extracted. The fluid at that point may be a mix of steam and liquid droplets as it goes by into the condenser. This leads to less fuel use and for that reason less greenhouse gas production slightly. The term "boiler" shouldn't be used for a supercritical pressure vapor generator, as no "boiling" occurs in this product.
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  Accessories
  Boiler accessories and fittings
  Pressuretrols to control the vapor pressure in the boiler. Boilers generally have two or three 3 pressuretrols: a manual-reset pressuretrol, which functions as a protection by setting the top limit of steam pressure, the working pressuretrol, which handles when the boiler fires to maintain pressure, and for boilers equipped with a modulating burner, a modulating pressuretrol which settings the quantity of fire.
  Safety valve: It is used to alleviate pressure and stop possible explosion of a boiler.
  Water level indications: They show the operator the level of liquid in the boiler, also called a view cup, water measure or drinking water column.
  Bottom blowdown valves: They provide a means for removing solid particulates that condense and rest on the bottom of the boiler. As the name implies, this valve is usually located directly on the bottom of the boiler, and is occasionally opened up to use the pressure in the boiler to drive these particulates out.
  Constant blowdown valve: This enables a small level of water to flee continuously. Its purpose is to prevent water in the boiler becoming saturated with dissolved salts. Saturation would lead to foaming and cause drinking water droplets to be transported over with the vapor - a disorder known as priming. Blowdown is often used to monitor the chemistry of the boiler water also.
  Trycock: a type of valve that is often use to manually check a water level in a container. Most entirely on a drinking water boiler commonly.
  Flash container: High-pressure blowdown enters this vessel where the vapor can 'flash' safely and be found in a low-pressure system or be vented to atmosphere as the ambient pressure blowdown flows to drain.
  Automatic blowdown/continuous heat recovery system: This system allows the boiler to blowdown only once makeup water is moving to the boiler, thereby transferring the maximum amount of heat possible from the blowdown to the makeup water. No flash tank is generally needed as the blowdown discharged is close to the temperatures of the make-up water.
  Hand openings: They may be steel plates installed in openings in "header" to permit for inspections & installing tubes and inspection of internal surfaces.
  Steam drum internals, some screen, scrubber & cans (cyclone separators).
  Low-water cutoff: It really is a mechanical means (usually a float switch) that is utilized to turn off the burner or shut down gas to the boiler to prevent it from working once the water runs below a certain point. If a boiler is "dry-fired" (burned without drinking water in it) it can cause rupture or catastrophic failing.
  Surface blowdown collection: It provides a way for removing foam or other light-weight non-condensible chemicals that tend to float together with the water inside the boiler.
  Circulating pump: It is made to circulate drinking water back again to the boiler after it has expelled a few of its heat.
  Feedwater check valve or clack valve: A non-return stop valve in the feedwater line. This may be suited to the comparative aspect of the boiler, just below water level, or to the very best of the boiler.[10 -
  Top feed: With this design for feedwater injection, the water is fed to the top of the boiler. This may reduce boiler fatigue triggered by thermal stress. By spraying the feedwater over some trays the water is quickly heated and this can reduce limescale.
  Desuperheater tubes or bundles: Some tubes or bundles of tubes in water drum or the steam drum made to cool superheated steam, in order to provide auxiliary equipment that does not need, or may be damaged by, dry vapor.
  Chemical injection line: A link with add chemicals for controlling feedwater pH.
  Steam accessories
  Main vapor stop valve:
  Steam traps:
  Main steam stop/check valve: It can be used on multiple boiler installations.
  Combustion accessories
  Gas oil system:gas oil heaters
  Gas system:
  Coal system:
  Soot blower
  Other essential items
  Pressure gauges:
  Feed pumps:
  Fusible plug:
  Inspectors test pressure measure attachment:
  Name dish:
  Registration plate:

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